エレン・グールド・ホワイト
エレン・グールド・ホワイト(Ellen Gould White、1827年11月26日 - 1915年7月16日)は、アメリカ合衆国のセブンスデー・アドベンチスト教会の創立において指導者として活躍し、「預言者」と呼ばれていた人物。生涯で見た幻の内容は文書として残され、セブンスデー・アドベンチスト教会にとって聖書に次いで重要な文章と受け止められている[1][2]。
経歴
1827年メーン州ゴラムで、敬虔なメソジストの両親の元に生まれる。
9歳の頃、学校から家に帰った時、クラスメートからの投石で顔に怪我を受ける。その際に自分は死ぬのではないかと考え、罪をみな神に告白した。その怪我のため、正規の教育を受けられなかった。
1840年ウィリアム・ミラー(英語版)の再臨の説教を聞いて信奉したために、三年後メソジスト教会から信徒資格を剥奪される。
1844年にウィリアム・ミラーの再臨の預言が終わり、運動が混乱していた。その2か月後、ホワイトは初めて幻を見る。
1846年にジェームス・S・ホワイトと結婚すると、ミシガン州バトルクリークに移住し、そこに教会本部を置く。
1881年の夫の死後に欧州と豪州を訪問する。生涯に45冊の書物と、4000以上の文書を著した。
1915年7月16日にカリフォルニア州のセントへレナ市で87歳で死去する。
2014年11月17日に米国のスミソニアン博物館が発行する雑誌にエレン・ホワイトは米国の歴史上100人の最も重要人物の一人に選ばれる[3]。
活躍
生涯のうちにおよそ2000回幻を見た。著書の内容はその他に宗教全般、社会関係、栄養、農学、生活、健康、伝道など、多岐に渡っている。菜食主義生活を唱道した。多くの学校や病院の創設を促し、経営に重要な役割を果たした。禁酒運動に参加して、奴隷制度廃止運動にも貢献した。
伝統的キリスト教と異なる預言
セブンスデー・アドベンチスト教会で「主の使者」「つねに信頼のおける真理のみなもと」「預言者」とされる[4]ホワイトの著書には、伝統的キリスト教と異なる特徴的な預言がある。
- イエス・キリストは全能の神ではない
- 著書において『人としてのキリスト・イエスは全能の主なる神ではありませんでした』と言及している[8]。
- サタンが私たちの罪と不義を負う者である
- 「病気の原因は罪である」とキリストが教えている
- 黙示録の十四万四千人は安息日(土曜礼拝)を守る者であり、日曜礼拝者は「獣の刻印」を受けている
- ヨハネの黙示録7:4に記されている「十四万四千人」「神の印」に関して、ホワイトは著作『教会への証8巻』(p117)において『神のしるし、または神の印は第七日の安息日、すなわち創造主の記念日の遵守に表わされている。……獣の刻印はこの反対である。それは週の第一日の遵守である。』と記し[14]、さらには『教会への証6巻』(p350)においては『十のすべての戒めの中で第四条の戒めだけが偉大なる律法制定者、すなわち天と地の創造主の印を含んでいる。』と言及[15]。黙示録の十四万四千人は『安息日(土曜)礼拝を守る者である』と断定し、日曜礼拝者をヨハネの黙示録13:16-17にて言及されている『獣の刻印(The mark of the beast)を受けた者』と断定している。
- 日曜礼拝者を「神に仕えない者」「人が作った制度を受け入れた(神に)不忠実な者」としている
- 霊魂消滅説を主張、永遠に燃える地獄を否定している
- 調査審判
著書
- タイトル、初版出版日、出版社、ページ数、略称の順で並べられている。1915年以降の出版物はエレン・G・ホワイトの死後、ほかの人たちによって編集されたものである。
- A Word to the "Little Flock." 1847. Gorham, Maine: James White. 1847. 24 pp. [WLF]
- A Sketch of the Christian Experience and Views of Ellen G. White. 1851. Saratoga Springs, NY: James White. 1851. 64 pp. [ExV]
- Supplement to the Christian Experience and Views of Ellen G. White. 1854. Rochester, NY: James White, 1854. 48 pp. [ExV54]
- The Great Controversy Between Christ and His Angels, and Satan and His Angels. 1858. Battle Creek, MI: Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association, 1858. 219 pp. [GC58]
- An Appeal to Mothers. 1864. Battle Creek, MI: Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association, 1864. 63 pp. [ApM]
- An Appeal to the Youth. 1864. Battle Creek, MI: Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association, 1864. 95 pp. [AY]
- A Solemn Appeal. 1870. Battle Creek, MI: Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association, 1870. 272 pp. [SA]
- Life Sketches of James and Ellen White. 1880. Battle Creek, MI: Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association, 1880. 416 pp. [LS80]
- Early Writings of Ellen G. White. 1882. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1945. 324 pp. [EW]
- Sketches From the Life of Paul. 1883. Battle Creek, MI: Review and Herald, 1883, 1974 facsimile. 334 pp. [LP]
- Historical Sketches of the Foreign Missions of the Seventh-day Adventists. 1886. Basle: Imprimerie Polyglotte, 1886. 294 pp. [HS]
- The Great Controversy Between Christ and Satan. 1888. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1907. 722 pp. [GC88]
- Life Sketches of James and Ellen White. 1888. Battle Creek, MI: Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association, 1888. 453 pp. [LS88]
- The Sanctified Life. 1889. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1956. 110 pp. [SL]
- Christian Temperance and Bible Hygiene. 1890. Battle Creek, MI: Good Health Publishing Co., 1890. 268 pp. [CTBH]
- Patriarchs and Prophets. 1890. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1958. 805 pp. [PP]
- Gospel Workers. 1892. Battle Creek, MI: Review and Herald Publishing Co., 1901. 480 pp. [GW92]
- Steps to Christ. 1892. Fleming H. Revell. 156 pp. [SC]
- Christian Education. 1893. Battle Creek, MI: International Tract Society, 1894. 255 pp. [CE]
- Story of Jesus. 1896, 1900. Nashville, Tennessee: Southern Publishing Association, 1949. 190 pp. [SJ]
- Thoughts From the Mount of Blessing. 1896. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1955. 172 pp. [MB]
- Healthful Living. 1897. Battle Creek, MI: Medical Missionary Board, 1898. 336 pp. [HL]
- Special Testimonies on Education. c. 1897. no imprint. 240 pp. [SpTEd]
- The Desire of Ages. 1898. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1940. 863 pp. [DA]
- The Southern Work. 1898, 1901. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1966. 96 pp. [SW]
- Christ's Object Lessons. 1900. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1941. 436 pp. [COL]
- Testimonies on Sabbath-School Work. 1900. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1900. 128 pp. [TSS]
- Manual for Canvassers. 1902. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1902. 78 pp. [MC]
- Education. 1903. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1952. 324 pp. [Ed]
- The Ministry of Healing. 1905. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1942. 540 pp. [MH]
- The Acts of the Apostles. 1911. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1911. 633 pp. [AA]
- The Great Controversy Between Christ and Satan. 1911. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1950. 719 pp. [GC]
- Counsels to Parents, Teachers, and Students. 1913. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1943. 575 pp. [CT]
- Gospel Workers. 1915. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1948. 534 pp. [GW]
- Life Sketches of Ellen G. White. 1915. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1943. 480 pp. [LS]
- Prophets and Kings. 1917. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1943. 752 pp. [PK]
- Colporteur Evangelist. 1920. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1920. 112 pp. [CEv]
- Christian Experience and Teachings of Ellen G. White. 1922. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1940. 268 pp. [CET]
- Counsels on Health. 1923. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1957. 687 pp. [CH]
- Fundamentals of Christian Education. 1923. Nashville, Tennessee: Southern Publishing Association, 1923. 576 pp. [FE]
- Testimonies to Ministers and Gospel Workers. 1923. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1962. 566 pp. [TM]
- Christian Service. 1925. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1947. 283 pp. [ChS]
- Testimony Studies on Diet and Foods. 1926. Loma Linda, CA: College of Medical Evangelists, 1926. 199 pp. [TSDF]
- Messages to Young People. 1930. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1930. 498 pp. [MYP]
- Medical Ministry. 1932. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1963. 355 pp. [MM]
- A Call to Medical Evangelism and Health Education. 1933. Nashville, Tennessee: Southern Publishing Association, 1954. 47 pp. [CME]
- Counsels on Diet and Foods. 1938. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1976. 511 pp. [CD]
- Counsels on Sabbath School Work. 1938. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1938. 192 pp. [CSW]
- Counsels on Stewardship. 1940. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1940. 372 pp. [CS]
- Counsels to Writers and Editors. 1946. Nashville, Tennessee: Southern Publishing Association, 1946. 192 pp. [CW]
- Country Living. 1946. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1946. 32 pp. [CL]
- Evangelism. 1946. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1970. 747 pp. [Ev]
- Radiant Religion. 1946. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1946. 271 pp. [RR]
- The Story of Redemption. 1947. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1980. 445 pp. [SR]
- Temperance. 1949. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1949. 309 pp. [Te]
- With God at Dawn. 1949. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1949. 367 pp. [??]
- The Adventist Home. 1952. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1980. 583 pp. [AH]
- My Life Today. 1952. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1952. 377 pp. [ML]
- Welfare Ministry. 1952. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1952. 349 pp. [WM]
- Colporteur Ministry. 1953. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1953. 176 pp. [CM]
- Child Guidance. 1954. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1954. 616 pp. [CG]
- Sons and Daughters of God. 1955. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1955. 383 pp. [SD]
- Counsels for the Church. 1957. Nampa, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1991. 462 pp. [CCh]
- Help in Daily Living. 1957. Nampa, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 2002. 64 pp. [HDL]
- The Faith I Live By. 1958. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1973. 426 pp. [FLB]
- Our High Calling. 1961. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1961. 380 pp. [OHC]
- That I May Know Him. 1964. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1964. 382 pp. [TMK]
- In Heavenly Places. 1967. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1967. 382 pp. [HP]
- Conflict and Courage. 1970. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1970. 381 pp. [CC]
- Confrontation. 1970. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1970. 93 pp. [Con]
- The Health Food Ministry. 1970. Washington, D.C.: Ellen G. White Publications, 1970. 95 pp. [HFM]
- A New Life. 1972 Washington, D. C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1972. 64 pp. [NL]
- God's Amazing Grace. 1973. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1973. 383 pp. [AG]
- Christian Leadership. 1974. Washington, D.C.: Ellen G. White Estate, Inc., 1985. 77 pp. [ChL]
- Maranatha; The Lord Is Coming. 1976. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1976. 383 pp. [Mar]
- Mind, Character, and Personality. 2 vols. 1977. Nashville, Tennessee: Southern Publishing Association, 1977. 882 pp. [1MCP, 2MCP]
- Testimonies to Southern Africa. 1977. Cape Town, South Africa: South African Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, 1977. 98 pp. [TSA]
- Faith and Works. 1979. Nashville, Tennessee: Southern Publishing Association, 1979. 122 pp. [FW]
- This Day With God. 1979. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1979. 384 pp. [TDG]
- Peter's Counsel to Parents. 1981. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1981. 63 pp. [PCP]
- The Upward Look. 1982. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1982. 383 pp. [UL]
- Letters to Young Lovers. 1983. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1983. 94 pp. [LYL]
- The Publishing Ministry. 1983. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1983. 430 pp. [PM]
- Reflecting Christ. 1985. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1985. 382 pp. [RC]
- Lift Him Up. 1988. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1988. 382 pp. [LHU]
- The Voice in Speech and Song. 1988. Boise, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1988. 480 pp. [VSS]
- Testimonies on Sexual Behavior, Adultery, and Divorce. 1989. Silver Spring, MD: Ellen G. White Estate, 1989. 270 pp. [TSB]
- The Retirement Years. 1990. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1990. 24 pp. [RY]
- Our Father Cares. 1991. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1991. 350 pp. [OFC]
- Last Day Events. 1992. Boise, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1992. 330 pp. [LDE]
- Pastoral Ministry. 1995 Silver Spring, MD: General Conference Ministerial Association, 1995. 287 pp. [PaM]
- Ye Shall Receive Power. 1995. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1995. 382 pp. [YRP]
- The Truth About Angels. 1996. Boise, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1996. 314 pp. [TA]
- Darkness Before Dawn. 1997. Nampa, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1997. 64 pp. [DD]
- Daughters of God. 1998. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1998. 275 pp. [DG]
- Christ Triumphant. 1999. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1999. 384 pp. [CTr]
- A Call to Stand Apart. 2002. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2002. 120 pp. [CSA]
- Prayer. 2002. Nampa, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 2002. 320 pp. [Pr]
- Heaven. 2003. Nampa, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 2003. 192 pp. [Hvn]
- To Be Like Jesus. 2004. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2004. 383 pp. [BLJ]
- A Place Called Oakwood. 2007. Hagerstown, MD: 180 pp. Compiled by Benjamin J. Baker
- From the Heart. 2010. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2010. 377 pp. [??]
- Manuscript Releases. 21 vols. 1981, 1987, 1990, 1993. Silver Spring, MD: Ellen G. White Estate, 1981, 1987, 1990, 1993. [1MR, 2MR, etc.]
- Selected Messages. 3 books. 1958, 1980. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1958, 1980. [1SM, 2SM, 3SM]
- Sermons and Talks. 2 vols. 1990, 1994. Silver Spring, MD: Ellen G. White Estate, 1990, 1994. [1SAT, 2SAT]
- The Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary: Ellen G. White Comments. 7 vols. plus supplement (vol. 7A). 1953–1957. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1970. [1BC, 2BC, etc.]
- The Spirit of Prophecy. 4 vols. 1870, 1877, 1878, 1884. Battle Creek, MI: Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association, 1969 facsimile. [1SP, 2SP, etc.]
- Spiritual Gifts. 4 vols. 1858, 1860, 1864. Battle Creek, MI: Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association, 1945 facsimile. [1SG, 2SG, 3SG, 4aSG, 4bSG]
- Testimonies for the Church. 9 vols. 1855–1909. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1948. [1T, 2T, etc.])
参考文献
- 大山武俊『ホワイト、エレン・グールド』「新キリスト教辞典」1991
脚注
- ↑ “信仰の大要”. . 2017年10月5日閲覧.
- ↑ “エレン・G・ホワイトの著作の霊感と権威”. . 2017年10月5日閲覧.
- ↑ “Meet the 100 Most Significant Americans of All Time”. . 2017年10月5日閲覧.
- ↑ セブンスデー・アドベンチスト教団とは? - セブンスデー・アドベンチスト教団公式サイト
- ↑ Jesus the Archangel Michael?- Ellen G. White Estate
- ↑ Ellen G. White:Early Writing,p.164
- ↑ Ellen G. White:The Desire of Ages,p.421
- ↑ Jesus Was not God Almighty?- Ellen G. White Estate
- ↑ Ellen G. White:The Great Controversy,p.422.
- ↑ Ellen G. White:The Great Controversy,p.485.
- ↑ Ellen G. White:Testimonies for the Church, Vol5.p475.
- ↑ エレン・G・ホワイト『ミニストリー・オブ・ヒーリング』福音社2005年
- ↑ 新約聖書『ヨハネによる福音書』9章3節
- ↑ Ellen G. White:Testimonies for the Church, vol. 8 p. 117.
- ↑ Ellen G. White:Testimonies for the Church, vol. 6 p. 350.
- ↑ (Ellen G. White:Manuscript 27, 1899) Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary, vol. 7, p. 970.
- ↑ Ellen G. White:The Great Controversy, p. 535.
- ↑ Ellen G. White:Early Writings, p. 221.
- ↑ エレン・G・ホワイト『各時代の大争闘 下巻』福音社1974年、他
- ↑ 信仰の大要-24.天の聖所におけるキリストの奉仕- セブンスデー・アドベンチスト教団公式サイト
- ↑ 尾形守『異端見分けハンドブック』プレイズ出版