Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

提供: miniwiki
移動先:案内、検索

テンプレート:Update テンプレート:Peacock テンプレート:Infobox Organization

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics is the United States' largest organization of food and nutrition professionals, and represents over 100,000 credentialed practitioners — registered dietitian nutritionists, dietetic technicians, registered, and other dietetics professionals holding undergraduate and advanced degrees in nutrition and dietetics. After nearly 100 years as the American Dietetic Association, the organization officially changed its name to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics in 2012.[1] The organization's members are primarily registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs)[2] and nutrition and dietetic technicians, registered (NDTR)[3] as well as many researchers, educators, students, nurses, physicians, pharmacists, clinical and community dietetics professionals, consultants and food service managers.[4]

The Academy has faced controversy regarding corporate influence related to its relationship with the food industry and funding from corporate groups such as McDonald's, Coca-Cola,[5] Mars, and others.[6][7]

Origins

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics was founded in 1917 in Cleveland, Ohio, by a group of women led by Lenna F. Cooper and the Academy's first president, Lulu G. Graves, who were dedicated to helping the government conserve food and improve public health during World War I.[8] It is now headquartered in Chicago, Illinois.[9]

The original mission of the Academy was in part to help make maximal use of America's food resources during wartime.[10] In its first year, the Academy attracted 58 members.[11] It remained a small organization, remaining under the 1,000 member mark until the 1930s.[11] As the group's scope expanded, so did its membership numbers. Between the 1930s and 1960s, membership skyrocketed to more than 60,000.[11] Growth trajectory has since stabilized, and the Academy marked its 70,000th member when a female dietitian in Texas rejoined the Academy in May 2009.[11] Since its founding in 1917, the Academy has gained members in every decade.[11]

ファイル:Academy-of-Nutrition-and-Dietetics-Seal.jpg
Current Seal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

An authorized seal for the organization was adopted by the Executive Board and presented to members on October 24, 1940.[12] At its center are symbols of the three main characteristics of the profession: a balance scale, representing science as the foundation and symbolizing equality; a caduceus, representing the close relationship between dietetics and medicine; and a cooking vessel, representing cookery and food preparation. Around the main design is a shaft of wheat, representing bread, the staff of life, and stylized acanthus leaves, representing growth and life. Over the design is a cornucopia, representing an abundant food supply. Beneath the design is the motto, Quam Plurimis Prodesse ("To benefit as many as possible"). Around the edge is the name of the organization and the date of its founding written in Roman numerals.

The seal is still in use on Registration Status Certificates for both registered dietitians and dietetic technicians, registered, as well as on the gold Member Pin.

According to current Academy president Sylvia Escott Stump, the group changed their name to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics in 2012 to reflect the scientific and academic expertise of its members.[13]

National Nutrition Month

In 1973, the Academy created “National Nutrition Week.” The theme the first year was "Invest in Yourself...Buy Nutrition.”[14] On May 9, 2010, the Academy proclaimed “Registered Dietitian's Day” to honor the “indispensable providers of food and nutrition services and to recognize RDs for their commitment to helping people enjoy healthy lives.”[15] The association also sponsors “National Nutrition Month” in March in the U.S.[16]

Finances and Organization

In 2015, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics had disclosed net assets of $48 million, the bulk of which was in cash and investments.[15] It took in $11.3M in annual membership dues, and an additional $7.4M in registration and examination fees. In 2015, it took in $35.2 million in revenue on expenses of $38.4M for an operating loss of $3.4M. After accounting for return on investments, the Academy posted a deficit of $544,722 for the 2015 fiscal year.[15] In the same year, they received $1.1 million in corporate sponsorships from companies like General Mills, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo via donations, joint initiatives, and programs.[17]

The Academy has offices both in Chicago and Washington DC. In addition to the Academy, the organization maintains several other organizations and entities, including the Commission on Dietetic Registration, Commission on Accreditation for Dietetics Education, Dietetic Practice Groups, Academy Political Action Committee, and Academy Foundation. There are also several “member interest groups” which include more than 4,800 members with common interests or specialties including Fifty Plus in Nutrition and Dietetics; Filipino Americans in Dietetics and Nutrition; Muslims in Dietetics and Nutrition; and National Organization of Blacks in Dietetics and Nutrition.[15]

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Foundation

In 1966, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics established the Foundation as a 501(C)(3) public charity. According to its mission statement, the Foundation is the “only charitable organization devoted exclusively to promoting good nutrition.” Its mission is to advance public health and nutrition with focus on three initiatives: scholarships, Healthy Weight for Kids and food and nutrition research.[18]

In 2011, the Foundation had charitable contributions and revenues of $4.23 million, of which $1.7 million went to program expenses, $540,000 went to administrative expenses, and $289,000 went to fund raising expenses. Its executive director, Mary Beth Whalen, is paid $215,000 per year. These figures earned the Foundation a 60.95/70 score by CharityNavigator.com (four stars for transparency, three stars for its financials).[18]

In 2011, the Foundation received corporate contributions totaling around $1.2 million from organizations such as Nestle, Kelloggs, Mars, Inc Coca-Cola and the National Cattlemen's Beef Association,[1] as well as a $500,000 donation industrial food giant General Mills to promote healthy eating for kids.[19]

Influence and positions

Through its research journal, the Academy shapes and influences the public and legislative discussion about health, food safety and nutrition. Academy RD's are regularly quoted in world publications such as The New York Times, Wall Street Journal, USA Today, Los Angeles Times Men's Fitness, O Magazine, Consumer Reports, Forbes and Huffington Post. In 2010, the organization received approximately 30 billion media impressions.[20]

As an organization and research institute, the Academy holds a variety of influential health positions, including:

  • The Academy "maintains that the only way to lose weight is through a healthy, well-balanced diet and exercise."[21]
  • The Academy's stated position is that “there are no good or bad foods, only good and bad diets.” According to the Academy such labeling or “bumpers” confuse the public.[22]
  • The Academy states that "exclusive breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition and health protection for the first 6 months of life and breastfeeding with complementary foods from 6 months until at least 12 months of age is the ideal feeding pattern for infants."[23]
  • The Academy "believes that up to two servings of soy per day for adults could be part of a healthy diet."[24]
  • The Academy has stated that a "well planned vegan diet" (no meat, dairy or animal products) is appropriate and healthy for babies.[25]
  • The Academy states that to combat the obesity epidemic, adults and children need access to healthy foods, education on eating well, and preventative health services, including counseling by registered dietitian nutritionists.[26][27] They support the White House and Michelle Obama's efforts to end the childhood obesity epidemic within a generation.[28]
  • The Academy opposed mandated labeling of "trans fats" on food packaging.[29]
  • The Academy has given low ratings to the high-protein, low-carb diet known as the Atkins Diet, insisting that the diet is "unhealthy and the weight loss is temporary."[30] The Academy maintains that carbohydrates are not responsible for weight gain any more than other forms of calories.[31]
  • The Academy states that children who eat breakfast have better concentration, problem-solving skills, and eye hand coordination. Children who do not eat breakfast are tired at school and eat more junk food.[32][33]

Research and Publications

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics publishes position papers on public health regarding pediatric (children's) health, food technology, food safety, geriatrics (elderly) health, health-care reform, obesity and food and nutrition topics through the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (ANDJ).[34]

The Academy has also published 3 editions of the American Dietetic Association Complete Food and Nutrition Guide.[35] Through its publishing arm, the Academy has published such books and guides as Easy Gluten-Free, ADA Pocket Guide to Eating Disorders, ADA Pocket Guide to Lipid Disorders, Hypertension, Diabetes and Weight Management, ADA Quick Guide to Drug-Supplement Interactions and Making Nutrition Your Business.[15] It also maintains the site eatright.org.

In the 1980s, the Academy published the magazine Food/2 which had originally been created by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. In response pressure from meat, egg, and dairy industries, the Department of Agriculture decided not publish it, after which the Academy negotiated with the government to publish it itself, omitting the controversial chapters on fat and cholesterol.[36] The decision was widely criticized, with participating dietitians stating "it is just incredible that they would publish it without the most important part."[36]

Certification

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics certification process offers two career options: Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) and Nutrition and Dietetics Technician, Registered (NDTR). Both are educated nutrition professionals qualified to work in hospitals, academia and private practice, and differ mostly in the hours of training and level of college degree required. A Registered Dietitian Nutritionist must complete a bachelor's degree or higher and more than 900 hours of training, while a Dietetic Technician is required to complete and associate level degree and 450 hours of training.[37] About 72% of the Academy's members are Registered Dietitian Nutritionists, and 2% are Nutrition Dietetic Technicians, Registered.[4] Members are granted these accredited titles by fulfilling the Academy's strenuous certification requirements in addition to any state or local regulations. Through its ADAF foundation, the Academy issued nearly $500,000 in certification scholarships in 2011, $100,000 of which went to doctoral students.[15]

The terms “Registered Dietitian Nutritionist” and “Nutrition Dietetic Technician, Registered” are “legally protected titles” and can be used only by someone who has completed coursework approved by the Academy.[38] In recent years, the AND has lobbied for stricter regulation over the professional licensing of dietitian and nutrition professionals and supported state regulations that would include heavy fines for the dispensing of nutritional advice without the proper license.[39][40]

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics's Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics (ACEND) is the organization's accrediting agency for education programs that prepare individuals for careers as dietetics professionals. Prior to 2011テンプレート:Disputed inline, ACEND was known as the Commission on Accreditation for Dietetics Education (CADE).[41] The Accreditation Council is recognized by the Department of Education and is a member of the Association of Specialized and Professional Accreditors. The council's fees earn the Academy over $1 million per year.[42]

Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN)

According to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist is a “food and nutrition expert” who has fulfilled the minimum requirements for the titled RD.[37]

Requirements include the following items:

  • Earning a bachelor's degree with course work approved by the Academys's Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics (ACEND). Coursework typically includes food and nutrition sciences, foodservice systems management, business, economics, computer science, sociology, biochemistry, physiology, microbiology and chemistry.
  • Completing an accredited, supervised practice program at a health-care facility, community agency or foodservice corporation.
  • Passing a national examination administered by the Commission on Dietetic Registration.
  • Completing continuing professional educational requirements to maintain registration.
  • In addition to the costs of the college coursework, the Academy charges a $200 application fee for registered dietitians.[43]
  • Students must complete a 1,200 hour internship to sit for the Registered Dietitian exam.[44]

Approximately 50% of RDs hold advanced degrees. Some RDNs also hold additional certifications in specialized areas of practice, such as pediatric or renal nutrition, nutrition support and diabetes education.[4] In addition to any Academy requirements (and often with some overlap), many states have laws for dietitians and nutrition practitioners.[45]

Nutrition Dietetic Technician, Registered (NDTR)

According to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, NDTRs are “a food and nutrition practitioner” who has fulfilled the minimum requirements for the title NDTR.[37]

These requirements, while similar to an RD, differ in that they require:

  • A minimum of an Associate's degree.
  • At least 450 hours of supervised practice accredited by ACEND.
  • Successful pass a national DTR examination administered by CDR.
  • Complete continuing professional educational requirements to maintain registration.

NDTR's typically work closely with RD in numerous employment settings such as hospitals, health care facilities, private practice, day care centers, correctional facilities and weight loss centers.[37] The Academy application fee to become an NDTR is $120.[46]

Awards

The Academy gives several awards, of which the highest is the Marjorie Hulsizer Copher Award, named for American dietitian Marjorie Hulsizer Copher (1892-1935) and given annually since 1945 to a member who "has contributed to the profession through extensive, active participation and service to the profession of nutrition and dietetics, both within and outside of the Academy".[47] Other awards include the Lenna Frances Cooper Memorial Lecture Award, named for American dietitian Lenna Frances Cooper and given to " a notable and inspiring speaker" who presents the memorial lecture.[48]

Lobbying efforts and competitive protections

To help better communications with the US government, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has offices in Washington, DC. They also operate their own political action committee, the Academy's Political Action Committee.[15] The Academy spent $5.8 million lobbying at the state and national level from 2000–2010.[49]

A 1985 report noted the Academy has supported licensing for dispensing nutritional advice.[50] In addition to supporting legislation regulating the professional nutrition field in states like Colorado, Wyoming, Hawaii, New Jersey and New York, the Academy has also applied for patents for its certification titles such as: “Certified Nutrition Coach,” “Certified Nutrition Professional,” “Registered Nutrition Professional,” and “Certified Nutrition Educator.”[39][51] The Academy states that by regulating who can provide nutritional counseling, they can protect their registered members and the public from unregulated advice or possibly inaccurate advice from less qualified dietary practitioners such as chiropractors, yoga instructors, homeopaths, and personal trainers.[39] The Academy's support of this legislation has generated strong opposition from alternative health practitioners and libertarian groups, who state that "highly restrictive bills could create a monopoly for one school of traditional nutrition thought" and that the primary intent of the bill is "not to protect the public, but to give clout and recognition to a single segment of dietitians, increasing their chances of obtaining reimbursement from insurance companies."[39][50]

Kids Eat Right

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and the ADA Foundation launched their first joint initiative, Kids Eat Right, in November 2010. This member-driven campaign is dedicated to supporting the efforts of the White House to end the childhood obesity epidemic within a generation.[28] Kids Eat Right is a two-tiered campaign aimed to mobilize Academy members to participate in community and school childhood obesity prevention efforts, and also to educate families, communities, and policy makers about the importance of quality nutrition.

Kids Eat Right has a website that gives families healthy eating tips, articles, videos, and recipes from registered dietitians.[52] Kids Eat Right also has scientifically-based health information centered around the theme "Shop-Cook-Eat" which has information about how to shop for healthy foods, how to cook foods with the most nutrient value, and gives the benefits of eating together at home and away from home.[53]

Controversy

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has been criticized for its connections to the pharmaceutical industry, including an inquiry from Senator Chuck Grassley.[54][55]

In 1982, the organization faced mass resignations from members over a decision to support President Ronald Reagan's cuts in food stamps and school lunch programs.[36] The decision was largely a political trade-off; the Reagan administration agreed to drop its proposal to deregulate nursing homes in exchange for the Academy's support of the school lunch and food stamp cuts.[36]

Criticism of partnerships with food companies

A 1995 report noted the Academy received funding from companies like McDonald's, PepsiCo, The Coca-Cola Company, Sara Lee, Abbott Nutrition, General Mills, Kellogg's, Mars, McNeil Nutritionals, SOYJOY, Truvia, Unilever, and The Sugar Association as corporate sponsorship.[22][56] The Academy also partners with ConAgra Foods, which produces Orville Redenbacker, Slim Jims, Hunt's Ketchup, SnackPacks, and Hebrew National hot dogs, to maintain the American Dietetic Association/ConAgra Foods Home Food Safety...It's in Your Hands program.[57] Additionally, the Academy earns revenue from corporations by selling space at its booth during conventions, doing this for soft drinks and candy makers.[22][58]

In April 2013, a dietitian working on a panel charged with setting policy on genetically modified foods for the academy contended she was removed for pointing out that two of its members had ties to Monsanto, one of the biggest makers of genetically modified seeds.[59] The resulting controversy highlighted the fact that Ms. Smith Edge, chairwoman of the committee charged with developing the GMO policy, is a senior vice president at the International Food Information Council, which is largely financed by food, beverage and agriculture businesses, including companies like DuPont, Bayer CropScience and Cargill, companies that were among the biggest financial opponents of a State of California GMO labeling initiative.[60]

The Academy maintains that being at the "same table" with food companies is important in order to exert a positive influence over their products and message, although critics describe this as an “unhealthy alliance” between the Academy and junk food companies.[58][61] The accusation is that despite what good may come of such programs, it ultimately whitewashes (similar to the greenwashing efforts of environmentally irresponsible companies) the brand's role in the country's food ecosystem. Watchdogs note that the Academy rarely criticizes food companies, believing it to be out of fear of "biting the hand that feeds them."[62][63] Nutrition expert Marion Nestle opined that she believed that as long as the AND partners with the makers of food and beverage products, “its opinions about diet and health will never be believed [to be] independent.”[58] Public health lawyer Michele Simon, who researches and writes about the food industry and food politics, has voiced similar concerns stating, "AND [is] deeply embedded with the food industry, and often communicate[s] messaging that is industry friendly."[64] A 2011 survey found that 80% of Academy members are critical of the Academy's position. They believe that the Academy is endorsing corporate sponsors and their products when it allows their sponsorship.[65]

In March 2015, Academy had endorsed Kraft Singles cheese product with the 'Kids Eat Right' label. Due to negative publicity,[66] they entered into negotiations with Kraft to cancel this endorsement.[67]

The organization also publishes nutrition facts sheets for the general public, which food companies pay $20,000 to take part in writing the documents.[68] A list of these publications for the general public include:

This industry funding also gives food companies the ability to offer official educational seminars to teach dietitians how to advise their clients in a way that advances the interests of the food company. For instance, in a Coca-Cola sponsored seminar for dietitians, the speaker promoted free sugars consumption for children as a healthy choice.[74]

Additional publications

The Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (JAND),[75] formerly titled the Journal of the American Dietetic Association (JADA), is a monthly peer-reviewed publication involved in the dietetics field, with original research, critical reviews, and reports on dietetics and human nutrition.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Eat Right. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
  2. ↑ What is a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist? Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
  3. ↑ What is a Nutrition and Dietetic Technician, Registered? Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 About the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Eat Right.
  5. ↑ “Coca-Cola Ends Financial Sponsorship of Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics”. Nasdaq. Mike Esterl (2015年9月28日). . 13 October 2015閲覧.
  6. ↑ “Report Faults Food Group's Sponsor Ties”. The New York Times (2013年1月22日). . 4 October 2015閲覧.
  7. ↑ Simon, Michele (2013年1月). “Are America's Nutrition Professionals in the Pocket of Big Food?”. Eat Drink Politics. . 4 October 2015閲覧.
  8. ↑ Barber, Mary I. History of the American Dietetic Association, 1917-1959. Lippincott: 1959.
  9. ↑ Mayer, Jean and Dr. Johanna Dwyer. Careers in Dietetics. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. February 27, 1978.
  10. ↑ Foer, Jonathan Safran. Food industry dictates nutrition policy. CNN. October 30, 2009.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 American Dietetic Association Reaches Membership Milestone, Surpassing 70,000 Members for the First Time. Eat Right. April 7, 2009.
  12. ↑ “Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Timeline”. eatrightPRO.org. . 17 January 2017閲覧.
  13. ↑ Stein, Jeannine. The American Dietetic Assn. gets a new name. The Los Angeles Times. January 4, 2012.
  14. ↑ Diatetic Association tells of Nat'l Nutrition Week. The Bryan Times. March 2, 1973.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 “ADA Annual Reports”. Eatright.org. . 2016閲覧.
  16. ↑ Grotto, Dave. National Nutrition Month: Dave Grotto. USA Today. January 21, 2005.
  17. ↑ “2015 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Annual Reports”. EatrightPRO.org. . 2016閲覧. p. 5: “CORPORATE SPONSORSHIP: To advance the Academy's mission of empowering members to be the food and nutrition leaders, the Academy's corporate sponsorship program allows for purposeful collaboration with food and nutrition organizations. ”
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 American Dietetic Association Foundation. Charity Navigator.
  19. ↑ General Mills Partners With American Dietetic Association To Help Kids Adopt Healthy Eating And Exercise Habits. The Street. June 22, 2010.
  20. ↑ “ADA Annual Reports”. Eatright.org. . 2010閲覧. p. 2: “Coverage of ADA totaled more than 30 billion media impressions, including stories in The New York Times, Wlal Street Journal, USA Today, Los Angeles Times and Chicago Sun-Times. Consumer magazine coverage of ADA appeared in Men's Fitness, O Magazine, Consumer Reports, US News & World Report, Prevention, Self, Forbes, and Huffington Post, among others.”
  21. ↑ The American Dietetic Association maintains that the only way to lose weight is through a healthy, well-balanced diet and exercise. Lakeland Ledger. October 20, 1999.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Group's Pursuit of Cash Draws Fire. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. December 6, 1995.
  23. ↑ Position of the American Dietetic Association: Promoting and Supporting Breastfeeding. American Dietetic Association. November 2009.
  24. ↑ Eng, Monica. Soy in Illinois prison diets prompts lawsuit over health effects. Chicago Tribune. December 21, 2009.
  25. ↑ "Are Vegan Diets Safe for Children?" by Lily Medina http://www.livestrong.com/article/379466-are-vegan-diets-safe-for-children/
  26. ↑ Spector, Kaye. Motivation, information needed to combat obesity, American Dietetic Association says. Cleveland Live. June 30, 2010.
  27. ↑ Obesity . Eat Right.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 ADA Supports Michelle Obama's Childhood Obesity Initiative. Eat Right.
  29. ↑ Squires, Sally. FDA Wants Food LabelsTo List Trans Fatty Acids. The Washington Post. November 13, 1999. "This is one more thing on the food label," said Connie Diekman, a national spokeswoman for the American Dietetic Association, which opposes the regulation”
  30. ↑ Low-carb, high-protein diets popular, but not with adults. Harlan Daily Enterprise. November 3, 1999.
  31. ↑ Question of the Day: Do Carbohydrates Cause Weight Gain? Eat Right.
  32. ↑ “Start Your Day with Greatness – Inland Valley News”. . 2012閲覧.
  33. ↑ Dietitians prime parents on nutrition before start of school | The Columbus Dispatch
  34. ↑ “About the Journal”. . 31 May 2012閲覧.
  35. ↑ Duyff, Roberta Larson (2006). American Dietetic Association Complete Food and Nutrition Guide, Revised and Updated 3rd Edition. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 MAGAZINE WITHHELD BY U.S. MAY REVIVE. The New York Times. May 19, 1982.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Frequently Asked Questions. “What is the difference between a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) and a Nutrition Dietetic Technician, Registered (NDTR) and what career opportunities are available for each?” (Information is provided by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics FAQs web page)
  38. ↑ What is the difference between a registered dietitian or dietetic technician, registered, and a nutritionist? EatRight.org. “Registered dietitian or RD and dietetic technician, registered or DTR can only be used by dietetics practitioners who are currently authorized to use the credential by the Commission on Dietetic Registration of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. These are legally protected titles. Individuals with these credentials have completed specific academic and supervised practice requirements, successfully completed a registration examination and maintained requirements for recertification.”
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 Ellsberg, Michael. Is the American Dietetic Association Attempting to Limit Market Competition in Nutrition Counseling? Forbes. April 5, 2012.
  40. ↑ Full Text of SB2936. Illinois General Assembly.
  41. ↑ About ACEND. Eat Right.
  42. ↑ “Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2015 Annual Report”. EatrightPRO.org. . 2016閲覧. “The Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics serves the public and the Academy's members by working with dietetics practitioners, educators and others to develop and implement standards for the educational preparation of nutrition and dietetics professionals and by accrediting dietetics education programs at colleges, universities and other organizations that meet its standards. As of May 31, 2015, there were 575 programs accredited in the United States and five international programs.”
  43. ↑ National Requirements to Become a Registered Dietitian from the American Dietetic Association's (ADA) Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR). Nutritionist World.
  44. ↑ Graduates cooking up new ways to utilize degrees in dietetics - Chicago Tribune
  45. ↑ What Is the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics?. Eat Right.
  46. ↑ National Requirements to Become a Registered Dietitian from the American Dietetic Association's (ADA) Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR). Loma Linda University.
  47. ↑ “Marjorie Hulsizer Copher Award”. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. . 18 January 2019閲覧.
  48. ↑ “Lenna Frances Cooper Memorial Lecture Award”. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. . 18 January 2019閲覧.
  49. ↑ American Dietetic Assn. Open Secrets.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Sugarman, Carole. "Licensing Nutrition Advisers." The Washington Post via LexisNexis. May 5, 1985. "And they want to make it illegal for individuals to offer nutrition advice without proper credentials [...] According to Catherine Babington, director of government affairs of the American Dietetic Association, dietitians in 36 states are pursuing mandatory licensure, although details of the proposed laws vary from state to state. A bill awaits the governor's signature in Maryland, while dietetic associations in Virginia and the District of Columbia are in the beginning stages of drafting such bills. [...] Opponents such as the National Health Federation, chaired by Donsbach, and the National Nutritional Foods Association, which represents more than 3,500 health food stores, contend that highly restrictive bills could create a monopoly for one school of traditional nutrition thought, limiting the free market and consumer choice, and that their primary intent is not to protect the public, but to give clout and recognition to a single segment of dietitians, increasing their chances of obtaining reimbursement from insurance companies."
  51. ↑ RD Licensure. Wyoming Dietetic Association.
  52. ↑ School's Out! Help Your Kids Eat Right All Summer Long. NewsWire. May 24, 2011.
  53. ↑ Kids Eat Right - About Kids Eat Right
  54. ↑ Grassley renews call for voluntary disclosure by influential disease and medical advocacy groups . Senator Chuck Grassley of Iowa. May 5, 2011.
  55. ↑ American Dietetic Association. Propublica. December 18, 2009.
  56. ↑ https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/09/28/coke-spends-lavishly-on-pediatricians-and-dietitians/
  57. ↑ Timely Turkey Tips from Buying to Baking; American Dietetic Association/ConAgra Foods offer Home Food Safety Help for Thanksgiving Cooks. Business Wire. November 10, 2005.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Nestle, Marion. The ADA and Corporate Sponsors: An Unhealthy Alliance?. The Daily Green. March 18, 2008.
  59. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/11/business/a-dismissal-raises-questions-about-objectivity-on-food-policy.html
  60. ↑ https://www.motherjones.com/tom-philpott/2013/04/gmo-dieticians-monsanto-california
  61. ↑ “ADA Response to Accusations on Partnership with Hershey”. Fooducate (2010年8月1日). . 2010閲覧.
  62. ↑ (2001) Trust Us, We're Experts!: How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles With Your Future. 
  63. ↑ Who Is the Dairy Coalition? PR Watch.org .
  64. ↑ Simon, Michele (2015年9月). “Nutrition Scientists on the Take from Big Food”. EatDrink Politics. . 4 October 2015閲覧.
  65. ↑ Reitshamer, Elise; Steffey Schrier, Margaret; Herbold, Nancie; Metallinos-Katsaras, Elizabeth (2012). “Members' Attitudes Toward Corporate Sponsorship of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics”. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition 7 (2-3): 149–164. doi:10.1080/19320248.2012.704748. 
  66. ↑ Kraft Singles – Fake Food, Faulty Endorsement
  67. ↑ Dietitians Group Negotiating to End Labeling Deal With Kraft Singles
  68. ↑ Brownell, Kelly D; Warner, Kenneth E (2009-03-01). “The Perils of Ignoring History: Big Tobacco Played Dirty and Millions Died. How Similar Is Big Food?”. The Milbank Quarterly 87 (1): 259–294. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00555.x. ISSN 0887-378X. PMC 2879177. PMID 19298423. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2879177. 
  69. ↑ “What's a Mom to Do? Healthy Eating Tips for Families”. Worklife and Wellness: University of California, Irvine. American Dietetic Association (2006年). . 11 November 2015閲覧.
  70. ↑ “Lamb: The Essence of Nutrient Rich Flavor”. Lean on Lamb, Tri-Lamb Group. American Dietetic Association (2008年). . 11 November 2015閲覧.
  71. ↑ “Cocoa and Chocolate: Sweet News!”. American Dietetic Association (2007年). . 11 November 2015閲覧.
  72. ↑ “Eggs: A Good Choice for Moms-to-Be”. American Dietetic Association (2007年). . 11 November 2015閲覧.
  73. ↑ “Adult Beverage Consumption: Making Responsible Drinking Choices”. American Dietetic Association (2008年). . 11 November 2015閲覧.
  74. ↑ Simon, Michele (2013年1月). “And Now a Word From Our Sponsors: Are America's Nutrition Professionals in the Pocket of Big Food?”. Eat Drink Politics. Eat Drink Politics. . 11 November 2015閲覧.
  75. ↑ Journal of the American Dietetic Association (JAND)

External links



「http:///http:///mymemo.xyz/mymemo.xyz/wiki/index.php?title=Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics&oldid=277012」から取得