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| − | {{Infobox writing system
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| − | |name = Foochow Romanized
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| − | |altname = {{sans-serif|Hók-ciŭ-uâ Lò̤-mā-cê, Bàng-uâ-cê}}
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| − | |type = [[Latin alphabet]]
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| − | |typedesc = (modified)
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| − | |time = late 19th century - ?
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| − | |languages = [[Fuzhou dialect]] of the [[Eastern Min language]]
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| − | |creator = [[Moses Clark White]], [[Robert Samuel Maclay]], [[Caleb Cook Baldwin]], [[Robert Stewart (priest)|Robert Stewart]]
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| − | |fam1 =
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| − | |children = [[Hinghwa Romanized]], [[Kienning Colloquial Romanized]]
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| − | |sample = Exodus in Foochow.gif|alt=A sample of Foochow Romanized text
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| − | |imagesize = 250px
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| − | |caption = Bible in Foochow Romanized ([[Book of Exodus|Exodus]]), published by British and Foreign Bible Society in 1908
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| − | |footnotes =
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| − | |note =
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| − | }}
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| − | {{RCL}}
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| − | {{IPA notice}}
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| − | {{Special characters}}
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| − | '''Foochow Romanized''', also known as '''Bàng-uâ-cê''' ('''BUC''' for short; {{zh|平話字}}) or '''Hók-ciŭ-uâ Lò̤-mā-cê''' ({{zh|福州話羅馬字}}), is a [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]] for the [[Fuzhou dialect]] of [[Eastern Min]] adopted in the middle of the 19th century by Western missionaries. It had varied at different times, and became standardized in the 1890s. Foochow Romanized was mainly used inside of Church circles, and was taught in some Mission Schools in [[Fuzhou]].<ref>[http://www.fjsdfz.org/html/news/2004b/20041123fzwb.htm 福州女校三鼎甲] ([[Chinese language|Chinese]])</ref> But unlike its counterpart [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]] for [[Hokkien]], even in its prime days Foochow Romanized was by no means universally understood by Christians.<ref>[[R. S. Maclay]], [[C. C. Baldwin]], [[Samuel H. Leger]]: [[:s:Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect|Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect]], 1929</ref>
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| | | | |
| − | == History ==
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| − | [[File:Adam eng-fch dic.jpg|thumb|''An English-Chinese Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect'', 2nd Edition, published in 1905]]
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| − | [[File:Dictionary of foochow h.jpg|thumb|''[[:s:Dictionary of the Foochow dialect|Dictionary of the Foochow dialect]]'', 3rd Edition, published in 1929]]
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| − | [[File:Foochow prayer.jpg|thumb|Hand-written note in Foochow Romanized, ca. 1910. It reads: "...You are our dwelling place. Before the mountains were born or you brought forth the earth and the world, from everlasting to everlasting you are God. And we are thankful, because Jesus died for us, resurrected, and enabled us to live in the life full of abundance. He helps us conform to the image of the Lord, and be patient and serve Him with all our heart. He teaches us to willingly forgive people..."]]
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| − | After [[Fuzhou]] became one of the five Chinese [[treaty port]]s opened by the [[Treaty of Nanjing]] at the end of [[First Opium War]] (from 1839 to 1842), many Western missionaries arrived in the city. Faced with widespread illiteracy, they developed Latin alphabets for [[Fuzhou dialect]].
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| − |
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| − | The first attempt in romanizing Fuzhou dialect was made by the [[American Methodist Episcopal Mission|American Methodist]] [[M. C. White]], who borrowed a system of orthography known as the '''System of Sir William Jones'''. In this system, 14 [[initial (linguistics)|initials]] were designed exactly according to their [[voice (phonetics)|voicing]] and [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspiration]]. {{angle bracket|p}}, {{angle bracket|t}}, {{angle bracket|k}} and {{angle bracket|ch}} stand for {{IPA|[p]}}, {{IPA|[t]}}, {{IPA|[k]}} and {{IPA|[ts]}}; while the Greek [[spiritus lenis]] {{angle bracket|᾿}} were affixed to the above initials to represent their aspirated counterparts. Besides the default five [[vowels]] of [[Latin alphabet]], four [[diacritic|diacritic-marked letters]] {{angle bracket|è}}, {{angle bracket|ë}}, {{angle bracket|ò}} and {{angle bracket|ü}} were also introduced, representing {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, {{IPA|[ø]}}, {{IPA|[ɔ]}}, and {{IPA|[y]}}, respectively. This system is described at length in White's linguistic work '''''[[:s:The Chinese Language Spoken at Fuh Chau|The Chinese Language Spoken at Fuh Chau]]'''''.
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| − |
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| − | Subsequent missionaries, including [[Robert S. Maclay]] from [[American Methodist Episcopal Mission]], [[R. W. Stewart]] from the [[Church of England]] and [[Charles Hartwell]] from the [[American Board Mission]], further modified White's System in several ways. The most significant change was made for the [[plosive]] [[consonants]], where the [[spiritus lenis]] {{angle bracket|᾿}} of the aspirated initials was removed and the letters {{angle bracket|b}}, {{angle bracket|d}} and {{angle bracket|g}} substituted for {{IPA|[p] [t]}} and {{IPA|[k]}}. In the aspect of [[vowels]], {{angle bracket|è}}, {{angle bracket|ë}}, {{angle bracket|ò}} and {{angle bracket|ü}} were replaced by {{angle bracket|a̤}}, {{angle bracket|e̤}}, {{angle bracket|o̤}} and {{angle bracket|ṳ}}. Since the [[diacritical marks]] were all shifted to underneath the vowels, this left room above the vowels which was occupied by the newly introduced [[tone (linguistics)|tonal]] marks. Thus Foochow Romanized avoids the potentially awkward diacritic stacking seen for instance in the [[Vietnamese alphabet|Vietnamese script]], where tone and vowel quality marks both sit above the vowel.
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| − |
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| − | == Alphabet ==
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| − | The sample characters are taken from the ''[[Qi Lin Bayin]]'', a renowned phonology book about the Fuzhou dialect written in the [[Qing Dynasty]]. The pronunciations are recorded in standard [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] symbols.
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| − |
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| − | === Initials ===
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| − | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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| − | | bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''BUC'''
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| − | | bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Sample character'''
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| − | | bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Pronunciation'''
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''b'''
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| − | | 邊
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| − | | {{IPA|/p/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''p'''
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| − | | 波
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| − | | {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''m'''
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| − | | 蒙
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| − | | {{IPA|/m/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''d'''
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| − | | 低
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| − | | {{IPA|/t/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''t'''
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| − | | 他
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| − | | {{IPA|/tʰ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''n'''
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| − | | 日
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| − | | {{IPA|/n/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''l'''
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| − | | 柳
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| − | | {{IPA|/l/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''g'''
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| − | | 求
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| − | | {{IPA|/k/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''k'''
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| − | | 氣
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| − | | {{IPA|/kʰ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''ng'''
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| − | | 語
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| − | | {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''h'''
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| − | | 喜
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| − | | {{IPA|/h/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''c'''
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| − | | 爭
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| − | | {{IPA|/ts/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''ch'''
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| − | | 出
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| − | | {{IPA|/tsʰ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''s'''
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| − | | 時
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| − | | {{IPA|/s/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | ''None''
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| − | | 鶯
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| − | | ''Null Initial''
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| − | |}
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| − |
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| − | === Finals ===
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| − |
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| − | ==== Finals without codas ====
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| − | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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| − | | bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''BUC'''
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| − | | bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Sample character'''
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| − | | bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Traditional pronunciation'''
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| − | | bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Modern pronunciation'''
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''a'''
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| − | | 嘉
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| − | | {{IPA|/a/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/a/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''ia'''
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| − | | 奇
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| − | | {{IPA|/ia/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/ia/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''ua'''
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| − | | 花
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| − | | {{IPA|/ua/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/ua/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''a̤'''
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| − | | 西
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| − | | {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/e/}} or {{IPA|/a/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''ie'''
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| − | | 雞
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| − | | {{IPA|/ie/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/ie/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''o̤'''
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| − | | 歌
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| − | | {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/o/}} or {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''io'''
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| − | | 橋
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| − | | {{IPA|/io/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/yo/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''uo'''
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| − | | 過
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| − | | {{IPA|/uo/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/uo/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''e̤ / ae̤'''
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| − | | 初
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| − | | {{IPA|/ø/}} or {{IPA|/aø/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/ø/}} or {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''au'''
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| − | | 郊
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| − | | {{IPA|/au/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/au/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''eu / aiu'''
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| − | | 溝
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| − | | {{IPA|/eu/}} or {{IPA|/aiu/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/eu/}} or {{IPA|/au/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''ieu'''
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| − | | 燒
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| − | | {{IPA|/ieu/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/iu/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''iu / eu'''
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| − | | 秋
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| − | | {{IPA|/iu/}} or {{IPA|/eu/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/iu/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''oi / o̤i'''
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| − | | 催
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| − | | {{IPA|/oi/}} or {{IPA|/ɔi/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/øy/}} or {{IPA|/ɔy/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''ai'''
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| − | | 開
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| − | | {{IPA|/ai/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/ai/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''uai'''
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| − | | 歪
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| − | | {{IPA|/uai/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/uai/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''uoi'''
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| − | | 杯
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| − | | {{IPA|/uoi/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/ui/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''ui / oi'''
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| − | | 輝
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| − | | {{IPA|/ui/}} or {{IPA|/oi/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/ui/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''i / e'''
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| − | | 之
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| − | | {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA| /ei/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|/ɛi/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''u / o'''
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| − | | 孤
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| − | | {{IPA|/u/}} or {{IPA| /ou/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/u/}} or {{IPA| /ɔu/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''u<nowiki />̤ / e̤u<nowiki />̤'''
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| − | | 須
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| − | | {{IPA|/y/}} or {{IPA| /øy/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/y/}} or {{IPA| /œy/}}
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| − | |}
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| − |
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| − | ==== Finals with coda {{IPA|[ʔ]}} ====
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| − | {| class="wikitable"
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| − | | bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''BUC'''
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| − | | bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Traditional pronunciation'''
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| − | | bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Modern pronunciation'''
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''ah'''
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| − | | {{IPA|/aʔ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/aʔ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''iah'''
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| − | | {{IPA|/iaʔ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/iaʔ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''uah'''
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| − | | {{IPA|/uaʔ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/uaʔ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''a̤h'''
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| − | | {{IPA|/ɛʔ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/eʔ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''ieh'''
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| − | | {{IPA|/ieʔ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/ieʔ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''o̤h'''
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| − | | {{IPA|/ɔʔ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/oʔ/}} or {{IPA|/ɔʔ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''ioh'''
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| − | | {{IPA|/ioʔ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/yoʔ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''uoh'''
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| − | | {{IPA|/uoʔ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/uoʔ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''e̤h'''
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| − | | {{IPA|/øʔ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/øʔ/}}
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| − | |}
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| − |
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| − | ==== Finals with codas [-ŋ] and [-k] ====
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| − | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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| − | | bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''BUC'''
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| − | | bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Sample character'''
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| − | | bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Traditional pronunciation'''
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| − | | bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Modern pronunciation'''
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''ang'''
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| − | | 山
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| − | | {{IPA|/aŋ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/aŋ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''iang'''
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| − | | 聲
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| − | | {{IPA|/iaŋ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/iaŋ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''uang'''
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| − | | 歡
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| − | | {{IPA|/uaŋ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/uaŋ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''ieng'''
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| − | | 天
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| − | | {{IPA|/ieŋ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/ieŋ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''iong'''
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| − | | 香
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| − | | {{IPA|/ioŋ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/yoŋ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''uong'''
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| − | | 光
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| − | | {{IPA|/uoŋ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/uoŋ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''ing / eng'''
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| − | | 賓
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| − | | {{IPA|/iŋ/}} or {{IPA|/eiŋ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/iŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ɛiŋ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''ung / ong'''
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| − | | 春
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| − | | {{IPA|/uŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ouŋ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/uŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ɔuŋ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''u<nowiki />̤ng / e̤u<nowiki />̤ng'''
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| − | | 銀
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| − | | {{IPA|/yŋ/}} or {{IPA|/øyŋ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/yŋ/}} or {{IPA|/œyŋ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''eng / aing'''
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| − | | 燈
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| − | | {{IPA|/eiŋ/}} or {{IPA|/aiŋ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/eiŋ/}} or {{IPA|/aiŋ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''ong / aung'''
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| − | | 釭
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| − | | {{IPA|/ouŋ/}} or {{IPA|/auŋ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/ouŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ɔuŋ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''e̤ng / ae̤ng'''
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| − | | 東
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| − | | {{IPA|/øŋ/}} or {{IPA|/aøŋ/}}
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| − | | {{IPA|/øyŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ɔyŋ/}}
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| − | |}
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| − |
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| − | === Tones ===
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| − | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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| − | | bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Name'''
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| − | | bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''[[Tone letter#Numerical_values|Tone numeral]]'''
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| − | | bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''BUC symbol'''
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| − | | bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Example'''
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| − | |-
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| − | | Shàngpíng (上平, BUC: Siông-bìng)
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| − | | 55
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| − | | [[Breve|˘]]
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| − | | 君 '''Gŭng'''
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| − | |-
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| − | | Shǎngshēng (上聲, BUC: Siōng-siăng)
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| − | | 33
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| − | | [[Macron (diacritic)|¯]]
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| − | | 滾 '''Gūng'''
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| − | |-
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| − | | Shàngqù (上去, BUC: Siông-ké̤u<nowiki />̤)
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| − | | 213
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| − | | [[Acute accent|ˊ]]
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| − | | 貢 '''Góng'''
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| − | |-
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| − | | Shàngrù (上入, BUC: Siông-ĭk)
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| − | | <u>24</u>
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| − | | [[Acute accent|ˊ]]
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| − | | 谷 '''Gók'''
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| − | |-
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| − | | Xiàpíng (下平, BUC: Hâ-bìng)
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| − | | 53
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| − | | [[Grave accent|`]]
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| − | | 群 '''Gùng'''
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| − | |-
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| − | | Xiàqù (下去, BUC: Hâ-ké̤u<nowiki />̤)
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| − | | 242
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| − | | [[Circumflex|ˆ]]
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| − | | 郡 '''Gông'''
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| − | |-
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| − | | Xiàrù (下入, BUC: Hâ-ĭk)
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| − | | 5
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| − | | [[Breve|˘]]
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| − | | 掘 '''Gŭk'''
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| − | |}
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| − |
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| − | Note that Foochow Romanized uses the [[breve]], not the [[caron]] (ˇ), to indicate Yīnpíng and Yángrù tones of Fuzhou dialect.
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| − |
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| − | == Sample text ==
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| − | {{Inline audio|section}}
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| − | {| border=0 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0
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| − | |- bgcolor=#eeeeee
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| − | ! align=middle | Foochow Romanized
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| − | ! align=middle | Chinese characters ([[Traditional Chinese characters|traditional]])
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| − | ! align=middle | English Translation
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| − | ! align=middle | Audio File
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| − | |-
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| − | | class="Unicode" | ''Báe̤k-hŭng gâe̤ng Nĭk-tàu'' || {{lang|zh-Hant|《北風共日頭》}} || ''[[The North Wind and the Sun]]'' || {{Audio|help=no|Cdo_northwind_sun_01.ogg|listen}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | class="Unicode" | Ô sŏ̤h huòi, Báe̤k-hŭng gâe̤ng Nĭk-tàu duŏh hī dó̤i căng, káng diê-nè̤ng buōng-sê̤u<nowiki />̤ duâi. || {{lang|zh-Hant|有蜀回，北風共日頭著許塊爭，看底儂本事大。}} || Once upon a time, the North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was stronger. || {{Audio|help=no|Cdo_northwind_sun_02.ogg|listen}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | class="Unicode" | Căng lì căng kó̤ mò̤ suŏ iàng. || {{lang|zh-Hant|爭來爭去無輸贏。}} || They disputed on and on without reaching a conclusion. || {{Audio|help=no|Cdo_northwind_sun_03.ogg|listen}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | class="Unicode" | Ciā sèng-hâiu, duô lā̤ ô sŏ̤h ciéh nè̤ng giàng lā̤, sĭng lā̤ sê̤u<nowiki />̤ng duŏh sŏ̤h iông gâu-gâu gì duâi-ĭ. || {{lang|zh-Hant|者辰候，墿嚟有蜀隻儂行嚟，身嚟頌著蜀件厚厚其大衣。}} || Just at that moment, there was a man walking along the road, wearing a very heavy coat. || {{Audio|help=no|Cdo_northwind_sun_04.ogg|listen}}
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| − | | class="Unicode" | Ĭ lâng ciéh gōng hō̤, diê-nè̤ng ô buōng-sê̤u<nowiki />̤ sĕng gáe̤ cī ciéh nè̤ng gâe̤ng duâi-ĭ táung lâi gó̤, cêu sáung diê-nè̤ng buōng-sê̤u<nowiki />̤ duâi. || {{lang|zh-Hant|伊兩隻講好，底儂有本事先告玆隻儂共大衣褪唻去，就算底儂本事大。}} || The two agreed that who first succeeded in making this man take his coat off should be considered stronger. || {{Audio|help=no|Cdo_northwind_sun_05.ogg|listen}}
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| − | | class="Unicode" | Dăng nĭ, Báe̤k-hŭng cêu sāi lĭk sī-miâng dék chuŏi, bók-guó ĭ muōng chuŏi dék lê-hâi, cī ciéh lā̤ giàng-duô gì nè̤ng cêu ciŏng hī iông duâi-ĭ muōng bău muōng gīng gó̤. || {{lang|zh-Hant|仱呢，北風就使力死命的吹，不過伊罔吹的利害，玆隻嚟行墿其儂就將許件大衣罔包罔緊去。}} || Then, the North Wind exerted all his strength to blow, but the harder he blew, the tighter that walking man wrapped his coat. || {{Audio|help=no|Cdo_northwind_sun_06.ogg|listen}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | class="Unicode" | Gáu muōi-hâiu, Báe̤k-hŭng mò̤ bâing-huák, cêu cūng-kuāng láe̤k gó̤. || {{lang|zh-Hant|遘尾後，北風無辦法，就總款〇去。}} || At last, the North Wind was at his wits' end, so he gave up. || {{Audio|help=no|Cdo_northwind_sun_07.ogg|listen}}
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| − | | class="Unicode" | Guó nék-òng, Nĭk-tàu chók lì. || {{lang|zh-Hant|過仂暅，日頭出來。}} || After a while, the Sun came out. || {{Audio|help=no|Cdo_northwind_sun_08.ogg|listen}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | class="Unicode" | Iĕk-pĕ̤-pĕ̤ sāi sāi lĭk sŏ̤h puŏh, hī ciéh lā̤ giàng-duô gì nè̤ng ché̤u<nowiki />̤k-káik cêu ciŏng hī iông duâi-ĭ táung lŏ̤h lì. || {{lang|zh-Hant|熱〇〇使使力蜀曝，許隻嚟行墿其儂〇刻就將大衣褪落來。}} || He shined out forcibly with a sweltering heat, and immediately that walking man took off his coat. || {{Audio|help=no|Cdo_northwind_sun_09.ogg|listen}}
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| − | | class="Unicode" | Cī-hâ Báe̤k-hŭng cêu nâ diông sìng-nêng, lâng gá nè̤ng diē-sié, gó sê Nĭk-tàu gì buōng-sê̤u<nowiki />̤ duâi. || {{lang|zh-Hant|玆下北風就僅剩承認，兩個儂底勢，故是日頭其本事大。}} || And so the North Wind had no choice but to confess that the Sun was stronger of the two. || {{Audio|help=no|Cdo_northwind_sun_10.ogg|listen}}
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| − | |}
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| − |
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| − | == References ==
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| − | {{Reflist|2}}
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| − |
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | {{wikisource|The Chinese Language Spoken at Fuh Chau|Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect}}
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| − | {{InterWiki|code=cdo}}
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| − | * [[:cdo:Help:如何讀|Everything You Want To Know About Foochow Romanized]] (in [[Fuzhou dialect|Foochowese]])
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| − | * [http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl181&view=50&frames=0&seq=5 Gô Iók Cŭ]: The Old Testament, in Foochow Romanized. {{cdo icon}}
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| − | * [http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl180&seq=3&frames=0&view=50 Sĭng Iók Cŭ]: The New Testament, in Foochow Romanized. {{cdo icon}}
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| − | * [https://books.google.com/books?id=G4sXAAAAYAAJ An English-Chinese Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect], by [[T. B. Adam]], 1905
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| − | * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228192704/http://www.gnudoyng.net/fuzhou_dialect/romanized.php |date=28 February 2012|title=Learning material of Foochow Romanized}}
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| − |
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| − | {{Min Chinese}}
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| − |
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| − | [[Category:Latin-script orthographies]]
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| − | [[Category:Romanization of Chinese]]
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